Masculinity Portrayal Of Masculinity - 2222 Words

‘Masculinity refers to the social roles, behaviours, and meanings prescribed for men in any given society at any one time†¦ Although we experience gender to be an internal facet of identity, the concept of masculinity is produced within the institutions of society and through our daily interactions (Kimmel 2000)’ . As the type of behaviour and ideals that constitute as masculine vary depending on the social context of the time, the portrayal of masculinity in Beowulf and SGGK (Sir Gawain and the Green Knight) will be somewhat different. Traditional traits that are commonly regarded as fitting with the concept of masculinity include physical prowess, courage, honour and glory, and loyalty. The representation of these traits in the respective two poems will be explored in this essay and it will be argued that while the expectations of masculinity are very similar in both poems, there are some striking differences, particularly a much greater emphasis on the importan ce of a man achieving glory in Beowulf and a greater regard for life in SGGK. Perhaps first and foremost, the most obvious trait of masculinity is physical prowess. This plays a crucial role in Beowulf, being structured around Beowulf’s three battles facing an increasingly stronger monster each time. Beowulf has established a reputation for himself built on the defeat of the monsters, the success of which lies in his strength and fighting prowess. This makes those around him hold him in high esteem. ‘†¦all knew ofShow MoreRelatedHemingways Portrayal of Masculinity1105 Words   |  5 PagesHemingway’s Portrayal of Masculinity When thinking of masculinity in literature, one author has who has become synonymous with manliness comes to mind, Ernest Hemingway. Critics have spent countless hours studying his writing in order to gain insight into his world of manly delights, including his views on sex, war, and sport. His views can be seen through his characters, his themes and even his style of writing. The characters in Hemingway’s stories reveal much about how he feels about menRead More Ernest Hemingway’s Portrayal of Masculinity Essay1169 Words   |  5 PagesErnest Hemingway’s Portrayal of Masculinity When thinking of masculinity in literature, one author has who has become synonymous with manliness comes to mind, Ernest Hemingway. 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Of the many mainstream phenomenons that are discussed by Bryon in the documentary, the issue of hyper masculinity in Hip Hop is questioned greatly. Throughout the film, the producer was able to show the wide acceptance of hyper masculinity not only in Hip Hop but also American culture as well. He defined America as a hyper masculineRead MoreWestern Culture s Ideal Beauty Type963 Words   |  4 Pagesthe product advertised, the commercial also reinforces traditional views of masculinity, sexuality and beauty. Through the depiction of the man as the womanizing, adventurer and the woman as a passive, sexual being the Axe Campaign uses conventional portrayals of gender roles in order to sell their product. In this paper, the commercial will be analyzed as it supports traditional views on beauty, sexuality and masculinity. This advertisement reinforces the western culture s ideal beauty type. TheRead MoreVisual images Reinforce Traditional Gender and Sexuality Stereotypes948 Words   |  4 Pagesinvoke gender identities and reinforce societal values and attitudes towards gender roles. Renowned Canadian sociologist Erving Goffman stated that the stereotypical portrayal of gender â€Å"insinuates its way into our collective cultural consciousness, even our individual psyches, normalising certain traits associated with masculinity and femininity, men and women, and impacting upon how we frame and define gender and sexual difference in contemporary consumer culture† . This opinion reinforces theRead MoreMovie Analysis : Boxing Films 1330 Words   |  6 PagesThakkar Film R1B: Boxing Films; Eliot Bessette, Harry Burson Word Count: 3227 Saved by the Brother: Role of Family Dynamics in The Fighter and Raging Bull Masculinity comprises the backbone of the boxing genre, with the boxer protagonist in an arena displaying masculinity to an audience that cannot in as pure of a manner. This depiction of masculinity calls upon the personality of the protagonist to portray a reclamation of a quality that may be repressed in other individuals by society through successRead MoreAn Analysis of Representation of Masculinity in Music Magazines1718 Words   |  7 Pagesanalysis of representation of masculinity in music magazines, with particular reference to Kerrang and NME magazine ‘Representation is the construction and aspects of reality in any medium, especially mass media. It can be presented in speech, writing, still and moving pictures.’ For my research investigation I will be analysing the representation of masculinity in music magazines, and will do this by studying the codes and conventions that cause the representation of masculinity ion two magazines. TheseRead More`` Boys Don t Cry ``1621 Words   |  7 Pagesstrengthening of the destructive attributes related to hegemonic masculinity. In other words, structural ideals of gender among males solidify the position of male social dominance over women. These adverse features may directly be related to a rise in gendered violence and other aggressive acts committed by men. The Kimberly Pierce film â€Å"Boys Don’t Cry† identifies the undesirable influences that the societal dominance of masculinity has on the structure of sexual identities. The film is an adaptation

Analysis Of Walt Whitman s Whitman And Bishop

ckenboss Nora Burghardt English 11 pd 2 2 May 2015 Exploration of the Individual in Whitman and Bishop Walt Whitman and Elizabeth Bishop are two of the most highly acclaimed American poets of all time, exploring themes, scenes and emotions that deeply resonate with psyche of the American public. Whitman and Bishop explore the relationship between themselves and their audience by writing about the liminal space between individual and community. As renowned poetic voices for their country, the two are individuals speaking for the multitude. They are therefore fascinated with their apparent inability to determine what defines an individual within humanity, and it becomes clear through their writing that they are at times frightened†¦show more content†¦For Whitman, this connective trait of humanity symbolized by grass allows him to transcend the individual, suffer with the his fellow American sufferers and celebrate with the celebratory. The ideal role of the narrator of Song of Myself is outlined in section 11. As the woman watches the 28 nude men from her window, she r emains physically within her own home, but mentally escapes outside of it to engage with the group of men, as her â€Å"unseen hand also pass d over their bodies, It descended tremblingly from their temples and ribs† (212-213). She feels empowered by her invisibility to touch the men, but does so timidly, scared by the force of the reality of her imaginings. The erotic nature of the scene is also meaningful, as sex is often seen as a means of transcending the individual by the physical and emotional unification of two bodies. Whitman attempts to replicate the role of the woman in his position as narrator by imaginatively engaging in a scene, often within another body, but not interfering with the reality of the moment. Although the narrator is the only character in the poem who explicitly transcends his body, Whitman makes it clear

Sophies World Outline Free Essays

Chapter 4: The Natural Philosophers Charles Williams Madison Smith Anisha Jagannthan introduction: The idea that nothing can come from nothing is introduced. Sophie questions whether all things come from a basic element. She learned that things in nature are in a constant state of transformation. We will write a custom essay sample on Sophies World Outline or any similar topic only for you Order Now Is there a beginning of everything? What do you believe it to be? introduction: The idea that nothing can come from nothing is introduced. Sophie questions whether all things come from a basic element. She learned that things in nature are in a constant state of transformation. Is there a beginning of everything? What do you believe it to be? Yanotan Zelink I. event one A. Sophie receives a letter containing three new questions. Which she contemplates an entire day before getting another packet with a letter explaining to her that the philosophy course will be going from ancient Greek philosophy up to present day philosophy. B. She learns that the ancient Greeks believed the world was eternal. The earliest Greek Philosophers are sometimes called natural philosophers because they were mainly concerned with the natural world and its processes† (30). So, they never asked about where it came from. Instead they were interested in the question of change. C. The Tao of Physics II. event two A. The debate â€Å"what are we made of? † is raised. Early philosophers shared a belief that there had to be a certain basic substance at the root of all change. B. While some natural phi losophers believed that everything was made of water, others believed they were made of air. Earth, air, and fire were all necessary the creation of life† (33). C. Human-Aesthetic Perfection Song Lyrics III. event three A. All Things Flow- â€Å"Everything is in constant flux and movement, nothing is abiding. Therefore we ‘cannot step twice into the river. ’†(34)- Heraclitus B. Heraclitus states the world is made of opposites- we would not appreciate one thing if we did not experience the other. C. A Healthy Transformation by Dr. Jeffery McCombs IV. conclusion A. As Sophie thinks about all of this, she concludes that one cannot learn philosophy. They can only learn how to think like a philosopher. V. journal questions A. If you were to come up with your own philosophy about life and what we’re made of, what would it be? Explain your philosophy. B. Other than physical aspects of a human, such as bones or basic elements, what would you say humans are made of emotionally or philosophically? Why? C. If there was only good in the world and no bad, how would it be and how would the outcome affect the world? How to cite Sophies World Outline, Papers

Battle Of The Ants And Shooting An free essay sample

Elephant Essay, Research Paper Imperialistic Position In both # 8220 ; The Battle of the Ants # 8221 ; by Thoreau and # 8220 ; Shooting an Elephant # 8221 ; by Orwell, imperialism plays a function. Both writers present, to some grade, their positions and feelings about imperialism. Orwell and Thoreau both present imperialism metaphorically through the usage of animate beings and insects. The writers therefore deliberate their self-contemplation on imperialism by either being an imperialistic force or by taking portion in imperialism. In # 8220 ; The Battle of the Ants # 8221 ; by Thoreau and # 8220 ; Shooting an Elephant # 8221 ; by Orwell, both writers use metaphors to stand for their positions on imperialism. In # 8220 ; Shooting an Elephant # 8221 ; Orwell is taking portion in imperialism by turn outing his power and self-respect to the indigens. In # 8220 ; The Battle of the Ants # 8221 ; Thoreau acts as the imperialist, or emperor, watching over a metaphorical conflict between emmets in which he neer interferes or takes portion in. Thoreau represents imperialism by comparing the # 8220 ; black imperialist # 8220 ; emmets against the # 8220 ; ruddy republican # 8221 ; emmets. In # 8220 ; hiting an elephant # 8221 ; the elephant in symbolic of imperialism stand foring power as an wild animate being that has control over the small town. In both narratives the writers use animate beings to stand for a important metaphor for imperialism. Orwell uses a big and really powerful animate being to stand for imperialism, while Thoreau uses a little yet strong animate being. This comparing leads to the apprehension that the power behind imperialism is merely every bit strong as its dominant swayers. In # 8220 ; Shooting an Elephant # 8221 ; Orwell represents the elephant as a force greater than the storyteller has the ability to kill. It takes the storyteller several shootings to kill him, and a drawn-out period of clip for him to decease. The elephants commanding force over the storyteller is compared to that of an imperialist. Orwell is faced with a really of import determination of whether or non he should hit the elephant. If he does so, he will be a hero to his people. In bend, he would be giving in to the imperial force behind the elephant that he finds so unfair and evil. If the storyteller lets the elephant go free and unharmed the indigens will express joy at him and do him experience inferior for non being able to protect the small town. In # 8220 ; The Battle of the Ants # 8221 ; Thoreau neer expresses his feelings on imperialism, but uses the emmets to metaphorically demo how imperialism is unjust. Thoreau describes the black emmets as the imperialists who are la rger and stronger compared to the ruddy emmets that represent the republicans. Thoreau describes the agonising conflict that is traveling on outside his door and tickers as the black imper ialist emmets fight to a disking decease, or triumph, demoing how neither side is willing to give up. Orwell and Thoreau both use animate beings to stand for imperialism jointing the narrator’s positions in which they are either taking portion in imperialism, or taking on the portion of an imperialist. In # 8220 ; The Battle of the Ants # 8221 ; Thoreau takes on the function of the imperialist while in # 8220 ; Shooting an Elephant # 8221 ; Orwell is taking portion in imperialism. In # 8220 ; Shooting an Elephant # 8221 ; the storyteller feels forced by the indigens to kill the elephant. The indigens take on the function of imperialists as they stand in a large crowd behind him waiting for him to hit the elephant. Imperialists use their people ( metaphorically ) as their small plastic fiqures they send out to contend. The Emporers and Queens have control over them but neer take portion in the existent combat, like how the indigens neer took portion in shot of the elephant. The storyteller speaks of how he is so against imperialism, but gives in to the indigens by hiting the elephant to turn out he is strong and to avoid humiliation. The indigens merely use the storyteller to achieve the elephants meat and ivories. The storyteller became the crowds marionette being # 8220 ; p ushed to and fro by the will of those xanthous faces behind. # 8221 ; ( Orwell 1837 ) In # 8220 ; The Battle of the Ants # 8221 ; Thoreau acts as an imperialist watching the emmets do conflict over each other. As a storyteller, Thoreau has a larger more powerful stance over the emmets. At the terminal of the narrative Thoreau # 8217 ; s ideas on imperialism are those of experience. Thoreau says: # 8220 ; I neer learned which party was winning, nor the cause of the war ; but I felt for the remainder of the twenty-four hours as if I had my feelings excited and harrowed by witnessing the battle, the fierceness and slaughter of human conflict before my door. # 8221 ; ( Thoreau 1747 ) Imperialists use their people for conflict and have no compunction for them. As Thoreau watches over them contending he realizes the battle behind human conflict and sees imperialism through the position of the fierceness that they endure. Thoreau besides comes to recognize the extent of the Interneci ne struggles the imperialist and Republicans have. Thoreau and Orwell both play typical functions in the parts of imperialism. In both positions each storyteller gets a true feeling of imperialism and its divest affects among the people under imperialistic control. In both # 8220 ; The Battle of the Ants # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; Shooting an Elephant # 8221 ; the writers express their positions on imperialism metaphorically through the usage of animate beings and insects. The two different points of represented as either being an imperialistic force or by being an active portion of imperialism.

A Competitive Analysis of Trading in Reliance Money

A Competitive Analysis of Trading in Reliance Money Free Online Research Papers ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Preservation, inspiration and motivation have always played a key role in the success of any venture. In the present world of competition and success, training is like a bridge between theoretical and practical working; willingly I prepared this particular Project. First of all I would like to thank the supreme power, the almighty god, who is the one who has always guided me to work on the right path of my life. I would like to thank Mr. Sandeep Saini (Centre Manager) for granting me permission to undertake the training in their esteemed organization. I also thanks to Mr. Arpan Sethi (finance Head), Mr. Vikas of Reliance Money for their time-to-time guidance and support in completing the project. I also thank the other staff of Reliance Money, Ambala who devoted their valuable time by helping me to complete my project. I express my sincere thanks to Dr. Raj Kumar Goyal (Director) and Mr. Adrash aggarwal (Head of department), Ms. Neetu Menhdiratta (Faculty Guide) of M.B.A. department, for the valuable suggestion and making this project a real successful. Last but not least, my sincere thanks to My Parents and Friends who directly or indirectly helped me to bring this project into the final shape. VIPIN GOYAL DATE:- PREFACE â€Å"A good broker system must be able to cope with an extremely complex and dynamic environment.† The microstructure of the stock market in which brokers work is highly dynamic and volatile. Many stocks are available to be bought and sold, each exhibiting its own patterns and characteristics that are highly unpredictable. With so many options and considerations that need to be taken into account, it is an extremely difficult task for a broker to investigate aspects of the stock market and consistently provide effective advice to their clients. Thus, brokers perform their day-to-day tasks with the aid of a broker system. Such a system should provide tools for interacting with exchanges and performing analysis. As a consequence, these broker systems are quite large and complicated by themselves. This research aims to analysis Stock broker on the basis of their services, products, growth, and their competitiveness. Because Stockbrokers are one of the main participants in stock exchanges worldwide, they often act as an agent for their clients, making trades on their behalf. They also act as advisors, providing suggestions to their clients on what stocks to buy and sell. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY There is growing competition between brokerage firms in post reform India. For investor it is always difficult to decide which brokerage firm to choose. Research was carried out to find which brokerage house people prefer and to figure out what people prefer while investing in stock market. This study suggests that people are reluctant while investing in stock and commodity market due to lack of knowledge. Main purpose of investment is returns and liquidity, commodity market is less preferred by investors due to lack of awareness. The major findings of this study are that people are interested to invest in stock market but they lack knowledge. Through this report we were also able to understand, what are our Company’s (Reliance Money) positive and strong points, on the basis of which we come to know what can be the basis of pitching to a potential client. CONTENTS Declaration Acknowledgement Preface Certificate by Company Executive Summary CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO TOPIC 1 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2 CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3-6 Objective of the study Type of the research Sample design Sample area Sample unit Size of sample Sources of data collection Survey method Limitations of the study CHAPTER 4 INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRY 7-16 Major Players in the Region ? Karvy ? ICICI Direct ? Indiainfoline ? HDFC Security ? Indiabulls Comparison with Competitors Market Share CHAPTER 5 INTRODUCTION TO COMPANY 17-30 Management Team of the company BOD of the company Vision Mission Highlights of company Organization Structure Products CHAPTER 6 DATA ANALYSIS FINDINGS 31-47 Data analysis Findings CHAPTER 7 SUGGESTIONS 48 CHAPTER 8 CONLUSION 49 Bibliography 50 Appendix 52-54 INTRODUCTION TO TOPIC I In most industrialized countries, a substantial part of financial wealth is not managed directly by savers, but through a financial intermediary, which implies the existence of an agency contract between the investor (the principal) and a broker or portfolio manager (the agent). Therefore, delegated brokerage management is arguably one of the most important agency relationships intervening in the economy, with a possible impact on financial market and economic developments at a macro level. In most of the metros, people like to put their money in stock options instead of dumping it in the bank-lockers. Now, this trend pick pace in small but fast developing cities like Chandigarh, Gurgaon, Jaipur, Ambala etc. My research is based on the residents of Ambala and its nearby areas. As the per-capita-income of the city is on the higher side, so it is quite obvious that they want to invest their money in profitable ventures. On the other hand, a number of brokerage houses make sure the hassle free investment in stocks. Asset management firms allow investors to estimate both the expected risks and returns, as measured statistically. There are mainly two types of Portfolio management strategies. 1. Passive Portfolio Strategy 2. Active Portfolio Strategy 1. Passive Portfolio Strategy: A strategy that involves minimal expectation input, and instead relies on diversification to match the performance of some market index. A passive strategy assumes that the marketplace will reflect all available information in the price paid for securities 2. Active Portfolio Strategy: A strategy that uses available information and forecasting techniques to seek a better performance than a portfolio that is simply diversified broadly. LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Dr. Jayanta Kumar Seal explore equity trading in India was basically a floor-based activity in the BSE. Traditionally, stock trading was done through stock brokers, personally or through telephones. As the no. of people trading in stock market increased enormously in last few years, a no. of stock brokers comes in the field, thus increasing further competition. Due to this, there come new innovations in trading. In this scenario, the existing players are left with two options-either to change their product offerings or to perish. 2. Ravinder Kumar Nidhi Walia found Indian investors are more conservative; they do not adopt any change easily. Till now just few investors can be recognized who are using technology for online stock trading. Traditional traders still prefer to choose broker as a stock trading mechanism because they are more loyal to their broker. Online trading empowers educated investors to make their own decisions with close watch on market sensitivity by browsing through various sites. 3. Ms. Nidhi Walia explores that with IT fueling economy, internet is adopted as effective tool in catalyzing the business activities. Latest developments in information technology have altogether changed business done traditionally. As financial system is becoming more complex it has become need of hour, where investor should comprehend the data and understand recent intricacies of online trading. In Indian context, e-trading is relatively new concept, which has yet to gain some significant meaning. In the past, investor had no option to get market information except to contact local broker. But internet trading in stock trading is becoming medium of exchange whereby investor can order stock exchange on simple mouse click sitting at his place. Keeping in view current market requirement an attempt has been made in this research paper to analyze current status of online trading in Indian scenario. 4. Mr. Ajay Kumar through this research finds which brokerage house people prefer and to figure out what people prefer while investing in stock market. This study suggests that people are reluctant while investing in stock and commodity market due to lack of knowledge. Main purpose of investment is returns and liquidity, commodity market is less preferred by investors due to lack of awareness. The major findings of this study are that people are interested to invest in stock market but they lack knowledge. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Objective of Study Each research study has its own specific purpose. It is like to discover to Question through the application of scientific procedure. But the main aim of our research to find out the truth that is hidden and which has not been discovered as yet. Our research study has following objectives:- Primary Objective: To know about the competitive position of the Reliance Money in competitive market. Secondary Objective: 1. To know the market share of different players in Share Market. 2. To study the services offered by different players to the customer. 3. TO access how Reliance Money is better than others competitors. 4. To check satisfaction level of customers of different players. TYPES OF RESEARCH The research is based on Descriptive and Qualitative research. Descriptive Research: Descriptive research includes surveys and fact finding enquires of different kinds. The major purpose of descriptive research is description of the state of affairs as it exists at present. Researcher has no control over the variables of this type of research. Qualitative Research: The research needs comparison between different stock brokers. So this is based on all qualitative data. In short, Qualitative research is especially important in the behavioral sciences where the aim is to discover the underline motives of human behavior. Through such research we can analyses various factors which motivate to people to behave in a particular manner or which make people like or dislike a particular thing. SAMPLE DESIGN â€Å"A sample design is a definite plan for obtaining a sample from a given population. It refers to the technique or the procedure the researcher would adopt in selecting item for the sample† Generally Sample designs are two types 1. PROBABILITY SAMPLE DESIGN 2. NON PROBABILITY SAMPLE DESIGN In the research Non-probability research design is used. SAMPLING AREA Sampling area may be a geographical one, such as state, district, village etc. The researcher will have to decide one or more of such area that he has to select for his study. In this research study Ambala as a sampling area. SAMPLING UNIT Sampling unit may be defined as an individual, pair or group of persons included as respondent. In this research study General Investors are the sampling units. SIZE OF SAMPLE â€Å"This refers to the number of items to be selected from the universe to constitute a sample† In the present research sample size is 100. But the research also study the 5 stock broker companies related to security commodity market like India-infoline, ICICI direct, HDFC-securities, Karvy consultant ltd. and indiabulls for the appropriate collection of the information. SOURES OF DATA COLLECTION While deciding about the method of data collection to be used for the study the researcher should keep to types of data. 1. Primary Data. 2. Secondary Data. Research uses primary data, as well as secondary data. Primary means collected as fresh, and the first time data and secondary means which are already available like annual report, magazines, internet, previously researches etc. SURVEY METHOD Survey refers to the method of securing information concerning phenomena under study from all or selected number of respondents of the concerned area. In a survey the investigator examines those phenomena which exist in the universe independent of his action. Research uses the Questionnaire Method. LIMITATIONS OF STUDY ? As only Ambala dealt in survey so it does not represent the view of the total Indian market. ? Size of the research may not be substantial. ? There was lack of time on the part of respondents. ? The survey was carried through questionnaire and the questions were based on perception. ? There may be biasness in information by market participant. ? Complete data was not available due to company privacy and secrecy. ? Customer dissatisfied with the services. ? People fear that as Reliance Money is a Private company so their money is not secured. ? Insurance means LIC for people. ? Misguidance by agents. ? Lacks of motivation as false commitments were made to customer by the company. INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRY The emergence of stock market can be traced back to 1830. In Bombay, business passed in the shares of banks like the commercial bank, the chartered mercantile bank, the chartered bank, the oriental bank and the old bank of Bombay and shares of cotton presses. In Calcutta, Englishman reported the quotations of 4%, 5%, and 6% loans of East India Company as well as the shares of the bank of Bengal in 1836. This list was a further broadened in 1839 when the Calcutta newspaper printed the quotations of banks like union bank and Agra bank. It also quoted the prices of business ventures like the Bengal bonded warehouse, the Docking Company and the storm tug company. Between 1840 and 1850, only half a dozen brokers existed for the limited business. But during the share mania of 1860-65, the number of brokers increased considerably. By 1860, the number of brokers was about 60 and during the exciting period of the American Civil war, their number increased to about 200 to 250. The end of American Civil war brought disillusionment and many failures and the brokers decreased in number and prosperity. It was in those troublesome times between 1868 and 1875 that brokers organized an informal association and finally as recited in the Indenture constituting the â€Å"Articles of Association of the Exchange†. On or about 9th day of July, 1875, a few native brokers doing brokerage business in shares and stocks resolved upon forming in Bombay an association for protecting the character, status and interest of native share and stock brokers and providing a hall or building for the use of the members of such association. As a meeting held in the broker’ Hall on the 5th day of February, 1887, it was resolved to execute a formal deal of association and to constitute the first managing committee and to appoint the first trustees. Accordingly, the Articles of Association of the Exchange and the Stock Exchange was formally established in Bombay on 3rd day of December, 1887. The Association is now known as â€Å"The Stock Exchange†. The entrance fee for new member was Re.1 and there were 318 members on the list, when the exchange was constituted. The numbers of members increased to 333 in 1896, 362 in 1916and 478 in 1920 and the entrance fee was raised to Rs.5 in 1877, Rs.1000 in 1896, Rs.2500 in 1916 and Rs. 48,000 in 1920. At present there are 23 recognized stock exchanges with about 6000 stock brokers. Organization structure of stock exchange varies. 14 stock exchanges are organized as public limited companies, 6 as companies limited by guarantee and 3 are non-profit voluntary organization. Of the total of 23, only 9 stock exchanges have been permanent recognition. Others have to seek recognition on annual basis. These exchange do not work of its own, rather, these are run by some persons and with the help of some persons and institution. All these are down as functionaries on stock exchange. These are 1. Stockbrokers 2. sub-broker 3. market makers 4. Portfolio consultants etc. 1.) Stockbrokers Stock brokers are the members of stock exchanges. These are the persons who buy, sell or deal in securities. A certificate of registration from SEBI is mandatory to act as a broker. SEBI can impose certain conditions while granting the certificate of registrations. It is obligatory for the person to abide by the rules, regulations and the buy-law. Stock brokers are commission broker, floor broker, arbitrageur etc. Detail of registered brokers Total no. of registered brokers as on 31.03.2008 Total no. of sub-brokers as on 31.03.2008 9000 24,000 2.) Sub-broker A sub-broker acts as agent of stock broker. He is not a member of a stock exchange. He assists the investors in buying, selling or dealing in securities through stockbroker. The broker and sub-broker should enter into an agreement in which obligations of both should be specified. Sub-broker must be registered SEBI for a dealing in securities. For getting registered with SEBI, he must fulfill certain rules and regulation. 3.) Market Makers Market maker is a designated specialist in the specified securities. They make both bid and offer at the same time. A market maker has to abide by bye-laws, rules regulations of the concerned stock exchange. He is exempt from the margin requirements. As per the listing requirements, a company where the paid-up capital is Rs. 3 crore but not more than Rs. 5 crore and having a commercial operation for less than 2 years should appoint a market maker at the time of issue of securities. 4.) Portfolio consultants A combination of securities such as stocks, bonds and money market instruments is collectively called as portfolio. Whereas the portfolio consultants are the persons, firms or companies who advise, direct or undertake the management or administration of securities or funds on behalf of their clients. MAJOR PLAYERS IN THE REGION 1. Karvy 2. ICICI direct 3. Indiainfoline 4. HDFC security 5. Indiabulls KARVY KARVY is a premier integrated financial services provider, and ranked among the top five in the country in all its business segments, services over 16 million individual investors in various capacities, and provides investor services to over 300 corporate, comprising the who is who of Corporate India. Karvy has a professional management team and ranks among the best in technology, operations and research of various industrial segments. History of Karvy The birth of Karvy was on a modest scale in 1981. It began with the vision and enterprise of a small group of practicing Chartered Accountants who founded the flagship company, Karvy Consultants Limited. They started with consulting and financial accounting automation and carved inroads into the field of registry and share accounting by 1985. Since then, Karvy utilized its experience and superlative expertise to go from strength to strength, to better their services, to innovate, diversify and in the process, evolved as one of India’s premier integrated financial service enterprise. PRODUCT AND SERVICES OF KARVY GROUP 1. Karvy comtrade. 2. Karvy consultant ltd. 3. Karvy merchant banking. 4. Karvy global services ltd. ICICI DIRECT ICICI Web Trade Limited (IWTL) maintains www.icicidirect.com (herein after referred to as the Website) whereas IWTL is an affiliate of ICICI Bank Limited and the Website is owned by ICICI Bank Limited. IWTL has launched and established an online trading service on the Website. PRODUCTS AND SERVICES OF ICICI DIRECT 1. Investing in Mutual funds 2. Personal Finance 3. Customer Service Features 4. IPO’s 5. Margin Trading 6. Margin PLUS Trading 7. Call Trade 8. Trading on NSE/BSE 9. Trade in derivatives INDIAINFOLINE SECURITY PRIVATE LTD India Infoline.com Securities Pvt. Ltd. is a wholly owned subsidiary of India Infoline.com Ltd and is the stock broking arm of India Infoline.com. The subsidiary was formed to comply with regulatory guidelines. www.5paisa.com is a focused website for online stock market trading. 5paisa.com is a trade name owned by the India Infoline.com group. IILSPL has applied for trading membership of the BSE under Securities and Exchange Board of India (Stock Brokers and Sub-Brokers) Rules 1992. IILSPL is in the business of providing broking services online via the Internet (E-broking Services) and has been permitted by the NSE by way of registration permission no: NSEIL/CMO/INET/1103/2000 dated 03/July/2000, and will be applying for permission to the BSE, to provide E-broking Services to its clients. IILSPL is a TRADING MEMBER of the National Stock Exchange of India. PRODUCT OFFERED BY IILSPL 1. Stock market:- IILSPL deals in stock market by trading in equity and derivatives. 2. Personal finance:- It Deals In Mutual Fund And Insurance. 3. Online Trading :- It provides services in stock and commodity trading (through Internet). HDFC SECURITY HDFC security is the subsidiary of HDFC (Housing Development Financial Corporation). www.hdfcsec.com would have an exclusive discretion to decide the customers who would be entitled to its online investing services. www.hdfcsec.com also reserves the right to decide on the criteria based on which customers would be chosen to participate in these services .The present web site (www.hdfcsec.com) contains features of services that they offer/propose to offer in due course. The launch of new services is subject to the clearance of the regulators. i.e. SEBI, NSE and BSE. PRODUCT OFFERED BY HDFC SECURITY 1. Online trading for Resident Non Resident Indians. 2. Cash-n-Carry on both NSE and BSE. 3. Day trading on both NSE and BSE. 4. Trade on Futures Options on the NSE. 5. Online IPOs. 6. Telephone-based Broking (Equity Derivatives). INDIABULLS SECURITIES LIMITED Indiabulls Securities Limited was incorporated as GPF Securities Private Limited on June 9, 1995. The name of the company was changed to Orbis Securities Private Limited on December 15, 1995 to change the profile of the company and subsequently due to the conversion of the company into a public limited company; the name was further changed to Orbis Securities Limited on January 5, 2004. The name of the company was again changed to Indiabulls Securities Limited on February 16, 2004 so as to capitalize on the brand image of the term â€Å"Indiabulls† in the company name. ISL is a corporate member of capital market derivative segment of The National Stock Exchange of India Ltd. At present, ISL accounts for approximately 3% of the total daily turnover of the Exchange with 32,359 client relationships and 70 branches spread across the country as of April 30, 2004. INDIABULLS CREDIT SERVICES LIMITED:- Indiabulls Credit Services has been valued at Rs. 263 crore with the Rs. 87.6-crore infusion. Indiabulls Credit Services Ltd, the recently formed subsidiary of broking firm, Indiabulls Financial Services Ltd. Faralon Capital, a San Francisco-based private equity fund, and its affiliates have acquired 33.3 per cent stake for Rs 87.6 crore. INDIABULLS REAL ESTATE:- Indiabulls through its group companies has entered Indian Real Estate business in 2005. It is currently evaluating several large-scale projects worth several hundred million dollars. Indiabulls became the first company to bring FDI in Indian Real Estate through a JV with Farallon Capital Management, a respected US based investment firm. PRODUCT OFFERED BY INDIA BULLS 1. Equity Debt Stock Broking 2. Insurance 3. Commodity trading 4. Depository Services 5. Derivatives Broking Services 6. Equity Research Services 7. Mutual Fund Distribution 8. IPO Distribution COMPARISON WITH COMPETITORS reliance money icici direct hdfc india bulls indiainfoline karvy DELIVERY .01% .40-.85% .75-1.0% .35% 0.3-0.5% 1% INTRADAY .01% .02-.04% .05% .035% 0.03-0.05% 0.1% AMC 200 750 600 350-750 500 350 Exposure 5 4 4-6 4-10 6 6 Software free Only for esteemed n.a. 750/p.m. 1000 1800/p.a. Online trading yes Yes yes yes yes yes Min. balance nil 5000(q) 5000 n.a. 5000 5000 MARKET SHARE Indiabulls is the market leader; about 37% of the investors are using the services of Indiabulls, followed by ICICI Direct with 32% customer’s base. According to various studies ICICI Direct is the major competitive of Indiabulls. Reliance Money is gaining its share which is currently at 3.9% market share. INTRODUCTION TO THE COMPANY The Reliance – Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group is among India’s top three private sector business houses on all major financial parameters, with a market capitalisation of Rs 100,000 crore (US$ 22 billion), net assets in excess of Rs 31,500 crore (US$ 7 billion), and net worth to the tune of Rs 27,500 crore (US$ 6 billion). Reliance Money Limited has been promoted by Reliance Capital Limited a part of Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group with the Net-worth – Rs. 4500 cr., amongst the top 3 banking financial services companies in the private sector. Management Team Chairman : Mr. Anil Dhirubhai Ambani CEO : Mr. Sudip Bandhupadhyay Deputy CEO : Mr. Kapil Bali National Head : Mr. Anshu Azare Regional Head : Mr. Ritu Raj chauhan Cluster Head : Navdeep Kaur Center Managers : Sandeep saini BOARD OF DIRECTORS Anil Ambani, Chairman Amitabh Jhunjhunwala, Vice-Chairman Rajendra Chitale, Independent Director Shri C. P. Jain Shri. P N Ghatalia Reliance Capital Ltd Reliance Capital is one of India’s leading and fastest growing private sector financial services companies, and ranks among the top 3 private sector financial services and banking companies, in terms of net worth. Reliance Capital has interests in asset management and mutual funds, life and general insurance, private equity and proprietary investments, stock broking and other activities in financial services. Reliance Capital entered into lucrative online trading business with Reliance money. There are mixed reports about this online trading platform. It shook up online trading business with cheap brokerage charge offer. Business Overview RCL is registered as a depository participant with National Securities Depository Ltd (NSDL) and Central Depository Services Ltd (CDSL) under the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Depositories and Participants) Regulations, 1996. RCL has sponsored the Reliance Mutual Fund within the framework of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Mutual Fund) Regulations, 1996.RCL primarily focuses on funding projects in the infrastructure sector and supports the growth of its subsidiary companies, Reliance Capital Asset Management Limited, Reliance Capital Trustee Co. Limited, Reliance General Insurance Company Limited and Reliance Life Insurance Company Limited. As of March 31, 2005, the company’s investment in infrastructure projects stood at Rs. 1071 Crores. The investment portfolio of RCL is structured in a way that realizes the highest post-tax return on its investments. Reliance Capital Ltd. is one of India’s leading and amongst the fastest growing private sector financial services companies, and ranks among the leading private sector financial services and banking companies, in terms of net worth. Reliance Capital Ltd. has interests in asset management and mutual funds, life and general insurance, private equity and proprietary investments, stock broking and other financial services. Reliance Money limited Reliance Money, a Reliance Capital company, is part of the Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group Reliance Money commenced commercial operations in April 2007. It is a comprehensive financial services and solution provider providing customers with access to Equity, Equity and Commodity Derivatives, Portfolio Management Services, Mutual Funds, IPOs, Life and General Insurance and Gold Coins. Customers can also avail Loans, Credit Card, Money Transfer and Money Changing services. The largest broking house in India with over 2.5 million customers and a wide network of over 10,000 outlets and 20,000 touch points in 5,000+ locations. Reliance Money endeavors to change the way investors transact in financial markets and avails financial services. The average daily volume on the stock exchanges is Rs. 2,000 crores, representing approximately 3% of the total stock exchange volume. Reliance Capital is one of Indias leading and fastest growing private sector financial services companies, and ranks among the top 3 private sector financial services and banking groups, in terms of net worth. â€Å"Success is a journey, not a destination.† If we look for examples to prove this quote then we can find many but there is none like that of Reliance Money. The company which is today known as the largest financial service provider of India. Success sutras of Reliance Money The success story of the company is driven by 9 success sutras adopted by it namely Trust, Integrity, Dedication, Commitment, Enterprise, Hard work, Home work, Team work play, Learning and Innovation, Empathy and Humility and last but not the least it’s the Network . Vision of Reliance Money To achieve sustain market leadership, Reliance Money shall aim for complete customer satisfaction, by combining its human and technological resources, to provide world class quality services. In the process Reliance Money shall strive to meet and exceed customers satisfaction and set industry standards. Mission statement â€Å"Our mission is to be a leading and preferred service provider to our customers, and we aim to achieve this leadership position by building an innovative, enterprising , and technology driven organization which will set the highest standards of service and business ethics.† Highlights of Reliance Money The highlights of Reliance moneys offerings are: 1. Cost-effective The fee charged by the affiliates of Reliance Money, through whom the transactions can be placed, is among the lowest charged in the present scenario. Pay a flat fee of just Rs. 500/- valid for 2 months or specified transactional value. The facility of trading is subject to expiry of the validity period or value limit, whichever comes first. Illustrations depicting fee structure and validity limits Access fee- Rs. 500 Validity- Time validity of 2 months or Turnover validity of Rs. 1 cr., whichever is earlier Turnover limit- Non-delivery turnover of Rs. 90 lac, Delivery turnover of Rs. 10 lac Access fee- Rs. 1350 Validity- Time validity of 6 months or Turnover validity of Rs. 3 cr., whichever is earlier Turnover limit- Non-delivery turnover of Rs. 2.7 cr., Delivery turnover of Rs. 30 lakh Access fee- Rs. 2500 Validity- Time validity of 12 months or Turnover validity of Rs. 6 cr., whichever is earlier Turnover limit- Non-delivery turnover of Rs. 5.4 cr., Delivery turnover of Rs. 60 lakh Unutilized delivery limit may be added to Non-delivery limit 2. Convenience You have the flexibility to access Reliance Money services in multiple ways: through the Internet, Transaction Kiosks, Call Transact (phone) or seek assistance through our Business Partners 3. Security Reliance Money provides secure access through an electronic token that flashes a unique security number every 32 seconds (and ensures that the number used for earlier transaction is discarded). This number works as a third level password that keeps your account extra safe 4. Single window for multiple products Reliance Money, through its affiliates/partners, facilitates transactions in Equity, Equity Commodity Derivatives, Offshore Investments, Mutual Funds, IPOs, Life Insurance and General Insurance products. All overseas investments are subject to rules, regulations and guidelines of the Reserve Bank of India as laid down from time to time 5. 3 in 1 integrated access Reliance Money offers integrated access to your banking, trading and demat account. You can transact without the hassle of writing cheques Demat account with Reliance Capital Hassles free demat account with Reliance Capital. The Annual Maintenance Charge for the Demat Account is just Rs. 50/- per annum 6. Other Services Through the portal www.reliancemoney.com, Reliance Money provides: a. Reliable research, including views of external experts with an enviable track record b. Live news from Reuters and Dow Jones c. CEOs/experts views on the economy and financial markets d. The Personal finance section provides tools that help you plan your investments, retirement, tax, etc e. Analyze your risk profile through the Risk Analyzer f. Get a suitable investment portfolio using the Asset Allocator KEY BENEFITS OF RELIANCE MONEY Equity is a share in the ownership of a company. It represents a claim on the company’s assets and earnings. As you acquire more stock, your ownership stake in the company increases. The terms share, equity and stock mean the same thing and can be used interchangeably. Holding a company’s stock means that you are one of the many owners (shareholders) of a company, and, as such, you have a claim (to the extent of your holding) to everything the company owns. Yes, this means that technically, you own a portion of every piece of furniture; every trademark; every contract, etc. of the company. As an owner, you are entitled to your share of the company’s earnings as well as any voting rights attached to the stock. Another extremely important feature of equity is its limited liability, which means that, as a part-owner of the company, you are not personally liable if the company is not able to pay its debts. In case of other entities such as partnerships, if the partnership goes bankrupt, the partners are personally liable towards the creditors/lenders and they may have to sell off their personal assets like their house, car, furniture, etc., to make good the loss. In case of holding equity shares, the maximum value you can lose is the value of your investment. Even if a company of which you are a shareholder goes bankrupt, you can never lose your personal assets. Reliance Money gives you the access to Over 5000 Schemes of 28 Assets Management Companies (AMCs) with just one account. Some of them included are. Portfolio Tracker Manage your mutual fund portfolio from the Reliance Money account. Benefit from live valuation and alerts and also track NAVs of any scheme online. Choice of investment strategies From just two scheme types (equity scheme and debt scheme) offered when the mutual fund industry was conceived more than four decades ago, today, mutual funds offer a plethora of scheme types with different investment strategies. Life Insurance Reliance Money Account gives you the advantage of buying policies from 12 different Life Insurance companies, helping you get unbiased opinion. General Insurance Reliance Money Account also extends the product offerings from 10 General Insurance Companies with exhaustive range of insurance products that covers most risks including Motor, Health, Property, Marine, Casualty and Liability. Over the Counter Products Your Reliance Money Account makes it so simple for you to buy insurance products that it’s as easy as buying something over the counter. RelianceMoney.com is offering most dynamic web based trading environment to its customers. The new trading platform has many new features which basically fill up the gap between old online trading companies in India and their customers. The Reliance Money trading websites comes with special security features Security Token, which makes you online trading experience more secure without complexity. Stock Trading is available in BSE and NSE. Offline trading is also available through Reliance Money partners in your city and through phone by dialing 022-39886000. TYPE OF ACCOUNT Reliance money is offering 3 types of accounts to its customers. Account for beginners, for meddlers and for experts. How to open account with Reliance Money? Account opening with Reliance Money is easy. Simply fill a form online at below address and somebody from Reliance Money will contact you soon. Advantages of Reliance Money 1. Extra security features with Security which is the most secures and tested technology in computer world. 2. Simple, easy and fast online stock trading. 3. Almost all investment options are available under one account including Equity Trading, Derivatives, Forex, Commodity, IPO, Mutual Funds and Insurance. 4. Branches are now available in all major cities and the number is growing. Branches are open from 9am to 9pm. Online trading is presently at its nascent stage and is not the most preferred option for financial transactions owing to security concerns and lack of accessibility points. Reliance Money through this hi-speed, technologically secure kiosks will therefore be able to reach out to all its existing and potential customers at even the remotest locations in the country without compromising on the security of its customer’s funds. Why should you choose Reliance Money? 1. Because it is from Reliance. Reliance capital has big plans regarding this business. It may announce attractive offers to gain market share. Reliance will never enter into a business with small plans. 2. Its brokerage charges are lowest in the country among major providers. With Rs 2500 prepaid amount, you can trade for Rs 5 crore. 3. Site is simple in design, fast to access and easy to find required information. 4. Its daily reports on market trends and technical breakouts are very useful. 5. Website content is divided according to the requirements of experts and beginners. 6. You can trade in Forex, Derivatives, Mutual funds, IPO and buy Insurance. Why should you stay away from reliance Money? 1. The trading platform is still in development stage. There are many bugs needs to be rectified. 2. Its â€Å"Insta trade† service is not up to the standard. Reliance Money software is a java based simple software. It should provide advanced software to meet the needs of advanced traders. 3. Its system is sometimes very slow and orders are not placed at the time. 4. Its market watch solution is a way behind its competitors like Money control and ICICIdirect. 5. Its service people are not as efficient as competitors. 6. It is still not providing options to buy Post office savings. 7. It is recommending few stocks even when stock markets are on roll. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE Reliance ADA Group Structure Products PRODUCTS offered by Reliance Money are: 1. Trading Portal (with almost negligible brokerage ) Equity Broking Commodity Broking Derivatives ( Futures Options ) Offshore Investments (Contract For Differences) D-Mat Account. 2. Financial Products Mutual Funds Life Insurance o ULIP plan o Term Plan o Money Back Plan General Insurance o Vehicle/Motor Insurance o Health Insurance o House insurance IPO’s NFOs 3. Value-Added Services Retirement Planning Financial Planning Tax Saving Children Future Planning 4. Credit Cards 5. Gold coins retailing DATA ANALYSIS The data after collection has proposed analyzed in accordance with the outline laid down for the purpose at the time of developing the research plan. The data collected in the stated manner tabulated according to the corresponding variables. The table thus prepared were analyzed interpreted to draw the meaning, out of the study. 1) Do you know about investment options available? KNOWLEDGE %AGE Yes 80% No 20% TOTAL 100 COMMENT Today scenario is changed so that most area covered by the securities and commodity market. It is 24% of the total population. 2) Most preferable investment scenario. Investment scenario %AGE Shares 24% Mutual Funds 20% Bonds 18% Banks 14% Real Estate 10% Insurance 6% Commodity market 4% Others 4% COMMENT Only 80% people know the exact meaning of investment. Because of remaining 20% take his/her residential property as an investment. According to law purpose this is not an investment because of it is not create any profit for the owner. 3).What is the basic purpose of your investment? INVESTMENT PURPOSE %AGE Liquidity 30% Returns 25% Capital appreciation 20% Tax benefits 10% Risk covering 5% Others 10% COMMENT: 30% people are interested in liquidity, 25% in returns and 10% tax benefits. And remaining 20% are interested in capital appreciations, 15% in risk covering and others. 4). From which option you will get the best returns? INVESTMENT SCENARIO %AGE Shares 26% Mutual Funds 27% Bonds 18% Banks 14% Real Estate 22% Insurance 4% Commodity market 5% Others 4% COMMENT: Most of the people say that Mutual fund gives satisfactory result; following it are bonds, shares and banks. 5).Most important things you take into your mind while making investments? FACTOR %AGE Risk 8% Returns 17% Both 75% TOTAL 100 COMMENT 75% people are considered the both factors risk as well as returns but, only 25% considered the risk or returns factor. 6). Do you have any knowledge of share markets? KNOWLEDGE PERCENTAGE Complete 10% Nil 27% Partial 63% COMMENT On that basis, we conclude that 27% people know nothing about the securities investments and 63% people have partial knowledge about it, so, some promotional activities are required for increasing the awareness about security market. 7) If you invested in Share Market, what has been your experience? options %AGE Satisfactory returns received 20 Burned fingers 6 Unsatisfactory results 8 No Results 66 TOTAL 100 COMMENT: Majority of people are in losses and hence they are getting no results. 8) Are you aware of online Share trading? KNOWLEDGE %AGE Yes 72% No 28% TOTAL 100 COMMENT: 72% of respondents are aware of online share trading while 28% of them don’t know about it. 9) Heard about Reliance money? KNOWLEDGE %AGE Yes 82% No 18% TOTAL 100 COMMENT Majority of people are aware about the Reliance Money, this shows that marketing strategy are good. 10) Do you know about the facilities provided by Reliance money? KNOWLEDGE %AGE Yes 76 No 24 TOTAL 100 COMMENT: In spite of good marketing, only 76% people are aware of services offered by Reliance Money. 11).Do you have any de-mat trading account? ACCOUNTS PERCENTAGE Yes 75 No 25 TOTAL 100 COMMENT Only 75% respondents have de-mat and trading account and remaining 25% says no because they don’t know why shares move up and down. 12).In which company you have d-mat and trading account? COMPANY %AGE ICICI DIRECT 30% INDIAINFOLINE 25% INDIA BULLS 22% Reliance Money 16% KARVY 7% HDFC securities 4% COMMENT In Reliance Money 16% respondents have de-mat trading account because of better services and min. annual maintenance and other charges. 13) What differentiates your Share trading company from others? %AGE Brokerage 23 Operating expanses 25 Services 20 Products 17 Software 15 Total 100 Comment Three main factors are brokerage, operating expenses, services, then is products and software. 14) Which Share trading company provides good exposure? Comments Majority of clients of indiabulls feels that the exposure provided by them is neither high nor low, while some believe it is enough. But in ICICI it is contrary. R-Money gets positive response from majority of clients. 15) Which Share trading company provides its Software to customers? Comment As far as software is concerned, R-Money dominates, followed by indiainfoline. 16) Which Share trading company charges fair Brokerage? Comment Although majority of customers of all the firms feel that brokerage charged is neither high nor low, customers of R-Money are highly satisfied. On the other hand, customers of ICICI are most dissatisfied. And about 40% of customers of indiabulls consider it to be NHNL, and another 40% rate it as good, while 20% feel that it is not quite low. 17) Which Share trading company provides fair operating expenses? Comments As per operating charges, comparison among the firms clearly points out that there is not much difference among the firms. First is R-money, followed by indiabulls. 18) Are you satisfied with your present Share trading company? COMMENT This shows that customers of reliance money are not satisfied while Indiainfoline is stood first in this parameter. FINDINGS ? Majority of clients of indiabulls feels that the exposure provided by them is neither high nor low, while some believe it is enough. But in ICICI it is contrary. R-Money gets positive response from majority of clients. ? Although majority of customers of all the firms feel that brokerage charged is neither high nor low, customers of R-Money are highly satisfied. On the other hand, customers of ICICI are most dissatisfied. And about 40% of customers of indiabulls consider it to be NHNL, and another 40% rate it as good, while 20% feel that it is not quite low. ? As far as software is concerned, R-Money dominates, followed by indiabulls. ? As per charges, comparison among the firms clearly points out that there is not much difference among the firms. First is R-money, followed by indiabulls. ? On the basis of call and trade facility, there is again not much differences. Comparison among ICICI and indiabulls shows that icici has less no. of customers who rated it low as compared to indiabulls and also higher no. of customers rate it good, but indiabulls has the edge over the rest when it comes to customers who rate it very high. ? Customer’s feedback regarding the Research Tips parameter shows that the competition is primarily between three firms- Indiabulls, icici and Indiainfoline. ? Reliance Money is gaining its share which is currently at 3.9% market share by providing better offerings, less brokerage and other services, indiabulls is the market leader. ? Approx. 16% respondents have de-mat trading account because min. annual maintenance and other charges. ? R-Money brought many innovations in products which are liked by customers. ? R-Money’s offerings are very competitive. ? Though reliance money is working very hard in order to meet the competition but there is a gap between the expectations and the experiences of the customers which is widening regularly. ? This gap has emerged because of the sales oriented focus of reliance money. ? In order to increase the sales figures, the company has somewhere ignored the service delivery and left the customer on his own. SUGGESTIONS ? Build relationship with the customers to keep them retained. ? Company should start a system of filling up of feedbacks and complaints online so that rectification of errors can be done easily. ? Company should start a kind of soft skill training program for all of its distributors so that the customers feel the same level of satisfaction as they feel while transacting with the company. ? Though the service quality is good but it should become better consistently as good service and better relationships are the key success factors of current market situations. ? The process of documentation is a hassle for customers as it is not at all user friendly. Company should take care of user friendliness of the system. ? In order to fill the gap between actual and expected, company needs to customize its services as it is dealing into financial instruments. ? These financial instruments are risky and it is very essential to make the customer feel that you are taking care of his money. ? This can be done only if all the services are customized and the system is made transparent for the customer as well as for the employees. CONCLUSION The expectations of the customers are regularly increasing because of the increasing competition and emergence of global market. In such conditions it becomes very necessary for a company to fulfill all the expectations of the customers and give them a delightful experience. Reliance Money aims to provide better services by consistently improvement. The study concluded:- Reliance Money Ltd. has better Portfolio Management services than Other Companies Reliance Money Ltd. keeps its process more transparent. Reliance Money Ltd. is giving more returns to its investors. Reliance Money charges are less than other stock brokers. Reliance Money is providing daily updates about the stocks information. Investors are looking for those investment options where they get maximum returns with less costs. Market is becoming complex it means that the individual investor will not have the time to play stock game on his own. People are less aware about the Services provided by Reliance Money. BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS: (1) Punithawati Pandiyan, â€Å"Security Analysis Portfolio Management†, Vikas Publishing House, New delhi. (2) Financial Markets, The Icfai University press, Hyderabad, 2007. (3) Donald E. Fisher and Ronald J. Jordan, â€Å"Security Analysis Portfolio Management†, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi. (4) Zikmund, â€Å"Business Research Methodology† (5) Kothari C.R., â€Å"Research Methodology : Methods and Techniques†, Wishwa Prkashan, New Delhi, 2001. MAGAZINES:- (1) Omkar Goswami, â€Å"New Entrants in Sock Trading†, Business Week, Oct,2003, page 13. (2) Rajesh Gajra, â€Å"Sebi’s Wake Up call†, Business World, June 2008, page20. (3) Srikanth Srinivas, â€Å"Increasing competition in Online Trading†, Business Today, March,2005, page 21. JOURNALS:- (1) Nidhi Walia and Ravinder Kumar, â€Å"Online Stock Trading in India: an empirical investigation†, Indian Journal of marketing, April 2007, page 34-39. (2) Jayanta Kumar Seal, â€Å"Changing Dynamics of Stock Trading†, Portfolio Organizer, Oct. 2007, page 17-25. (3) Aggarwal Sanjiv, â€Å"Stock Trading o Net†, Business Line, Aug. 2000, page 31-37. (4) Mr. Ajay Kumar, â€Å"Comparison of stock Brokers in India†, Indian Journal of Business, June 1999, page 93-96. (5) Nidhi Walia, â€Å"Online Stock Trading in India: on the road of progress†, Applied finance, March 2004, page 21-26. (6) Nay-Fu Chen, Richard Roll and Stephen A. Ross, â€Å"Economic Forces and the Stock Market†, The Journal of Business, Vol. 59, No. 3,383-403, Jul. 1986. INTERNET:- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_Market http://surfindia.com/finance/stock-market.html moneycontrol.com reliancemoney.com sebi.gov.in reliancecapital.com indiainfoine.com icicidierct.com hdfcsecurity.com karvy.com http://nseindia.com http://bseindia.com APPENDIX Questionnaire Name: Age: Sex: Male Female Phone No: 1) Do you know about Investment options available? a) Yes b) No 2) In which of these Financial Instruments do you invest into? a) Shares b) Bonds c) Commodity market d) Insurance e) Mutual Funds f) Banks g) Real Estate i) Others 3) What is the basic purpose of your investment? a) Liquidity b) Returns c) Capital appreciation d) Risk covering e) Tax benefits 4) From which option you will get the best returns? a) Shares b) Bonds c) Commodity market d) Insurance e) Mutual Funds f) Banks g) Real Estate i) Others 5) What are the most important things you take into account, while making any investment? a) Risk b) Returns c) Both 6) Do you have any knowledge of share markets? a) Partial b) Complete c) Nil 7) If you invested in Share Market, what has been your experience? a) Satisfactory returns received b) Burned fingers c) Unsatisfactory results d) No Results 8) Are you aware of online Share trading? a) Yes b) No 9) Heard about Reliance money? a) Yes b) No 10) Do you know about the facilities provided by Reliance money? a) Yes b) No 11) Do you have any D-mat Trading account? a) Yes b) No 12) In which company you have D-mat Trading account? a) Reliance Money d) Karvy b) Indiainfoline e) ICICI direct c) India bulls f) HDFC securities 13) What differentiates your Share trading company from others? a) Brokerage b) Operating Expanses c) Services d) Products e) Software 14) Which Share trading company provides good exposure? 15) Which Share trading company provides its Software to customers? 16) Which Share trading company charges fair Brokerage? 17) Which Share trading company provides fair operating expenses? 18) Are you satisfied with your present Share trading company? a) Satisfied b) Neutral c) Unsatisfied Research Papers on A Competitive Analysis of Trading in Reliance MoneyAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Project Managment Office SystemIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfOpen Architechture a white paperMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductDefinition of Export QuotasResearch Process Part OneInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPETSTEL analysis of India

Greek and Roman Civilization essays

Greek and Roman Civilization essays Ancient Greek and Roman civilization have made many lasting contributions to western civilization. Contributions such as law, religion, sports, and trade are present in western civilization because of Greece and Rome. Justinians code was Roman law that was introduced by Justinian, the emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Justinian ordered a systematic review of Roman law that was more thorough than any that had taken place before. He issued the Corpus iuris civilis (Body of the Civil Law), which immediately won recognition as the ultimate code of behavior of Roman law. Through Justinians code, Roman law influenced civil law codes throughout much of Western Europe. Many religions have also been contributed to Western civilization. Jesus crucifixion did not put an end to his movement. The principal figure in the expansion of Christianity beyond Judaism was Paul of Tarsus, a Jew from Anatolia who zealously preached his faith, especially in the Greek- speaking eastern region of the Roman Empire. Paul taught a Christianity that attracted the urban masses in the same way as other religions of salvation that spread widely in the Roman Empire. According to tradition, in 776 B.C.E. Greek communities from all parts of the Mediterranean sent their best athletes to the Polis of Olympia to engage in contests of speed strength, and skill. Such events as boxing, wrestling, foot racing, and long jump were around back then. In present day, the Olympic games are televised all over the world and are one of the most popular sporting events around. During the Hellenistic era trade drew the Greeks into an even larger world of commerce and communication. Traders were trading things like gems, jewelry, perfumes, and aromatic oils and could feed themselves and their animals and they were still making a profit. Without trade this world wouldnt be able to operate. ...

Four Styles of Creative Intelligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Four Styles of Creative Intelligence - Essay Example The four styles of creative intelligence are as follows, first is Intuitive, this is based upon the past experience and it is one of the most widely trusted styles of creative intelligence. The biggest advantage of this style is that the past experience is taken into consideration when adopting this method, when past experience is considered many new things can be learnt from the same as experience is believed to be the best teacher. Many mistakes can be avoided making the most of this method; hence it is a very good style to follow as far as creative intelligence is concerned. Second style is Innovative; this is another highly adopted style. Organizations come across new problems everyday and in order to solve the problem one needs to come up with new solutions and what Innovation is all about. Innovation focuses upon new methods to tackle problems, every organizations looks for this quality in its employees. Innovation is based upon a systematic approach to problems and it's all about coming up with solutions to the problem. This is another very highly adopted style of creative intelligence which is used by more organizations than one these days. The third style of creative intelligence is Imaginative. ... There is no certainty whether their ideas would prove beneficial to the organization or not. On the contrary if the ideas click then the organization would surely find itself sitting in a very comfortable position. So it is like a gamble which might pay off or it might not pay off. The last style of creative intelligence is Inspirational; this is more like motivation where the employees are inspired and motivated to achieve the goals of the organization. Every organization should follow this style in order to make sure that all the employees work towards the same goals set by the organizations. Using this style has many advantages; the biggest of them all is that the employees start working selflessly and ultimately the growth of the organization as well as the employees take place. So it is advisable to use this style of creative intelligence to make sure that the employees try and meet all the goals set by the organization. The five forces that influence the mind set and hence go on to influence the decision making procedure are as follows; First is the entry of competitors, this brings a lot of worries to an organization. The organizations starts considering various factors like "What are the Absolute cost advantages Which barriers do exist How easy or difficult is it for new entrants to start competing" (Porters Five forces model, 13 October 2008). It is very essential to do an in-depth analysis on the competitors in the market to know where the organization relay stands, hence this step becomes inevitable. The next is Threat of Substitutes, things like "How easy can a product or service be substituted Can products be made cheaper What are the switching costs" (Porters Five forces model, 13 October 2008) come

Dickens hard times resonates with the work of his contemporaries Essay

Dickens hard times resonates with the work of his contemporaries particulary in relation to the effects on the enroaching effe - Essay Example Charles Dickens’s Hard Times presents a unique picture of industrialization and urbanization in 19th century England. The sullen atmosphere of Coketown symbolizes suppressed anger of the factory workers and failure to improve their lives and wellbeing. Surprisingly or not, Dickens’s work resonates with and echoes in the works of his predecessors and contemporaries, who discuss the tragic man-city dichotomy and depict the disruption of human integrity by cities. It would be fair to say that Charles Dickens’s Hard Times presents a unique and profoundly philosophic allegory of urbanization and industrialization, which causes encroaching effects on the lives of English class workers and reinforces the sense of human alienation from everything rational and urban. Charles Dickens’s Hard Times is rightly considered as one of the best representations of industrialization and its disintegrative effects on the lives and wellbeing of English class workers. ... Nevertheless, it is due to Dickens’s repulsion toward dry statistics, rationality, and facts that Hard Times turned out to be an excellent source of truth about the disruptive effects of industrialization on workers. In Dickens’s book, urbanization and industrialization are associated with the lack of creativity and everything humane. The family of Gradgrinds exemplifies the utmost saneness and extraordinary rationality with no tint of feeling or romance: â€Å"No little Gradgrind had ever seen a face in the moon; it was up in the moon before it could speak distinctly. No little Gradgrind had ever learnt the silly jingle [†¦] no little Gradgrind had ever associated a cow in a field [†¦] with that yet more famous cow who swallowed Tom Thumb† (Dickens 1854). Needless to say, those are the products of industrialization, which suppress romanticism and create a sullen atmosphere on Coketown. The name of the city itself symbolizes sullenness and intoxication with rationality. This sullenness, however, is nothing but the sign of repressed anger, which finds no outlet but goes unabated (Colon 2006). The implications of industrial sullenness in Coketown are two-fold: on the one hand, it creates and fosters a claustrophobic atmosphere; on the other hand, it indicates and reflects the growing social dissent in the English work class. Excessive rationality leaves workers beyond the boundaries of improved wellbeing and, at the same time, emphasizes an irresolvable man-city dichotomy. The themes of sullenness and workers’ alienation from the processes of industrialization and urbanization resonate with T.S. Eliot’s The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock. Green and Fernald (2003) are correct in that both works create a set of metaphors which

Current Trends in Nursing Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Current Trends in Nursing Practice - Essay Example The pioneers of this model seek to promote quality, accountability, efficiency, and cost effectiveness in health care delivery. The need for the coordination arose due to several reasons, which include patients receiving care from different physicians and through communication breakdown, results to misdiagnosis. Secondly, poor services provided triggered the need for the care organizations and due to high cost involved in the health care programs (Austin, 2015). The aim of this model is to provide high quality health care for Medicare patients at reduced prices. The accountable care organizations have several advantages to the patients’ outcome. First, the patients receive improved care management with limited unnecessary expenditure. Secondly, the accountable care organizations model allows the patients to select their preferred medical services. Thirdly, the innovative health care delivery model enhances patient safety since there is coordination among the doctors and health care providers. Lastly, by providing preventive health, the patients are able to live well and do according to the doctor’s advice to avoid unnecessary illnesses leading to improved living standards (Chapel, 2015). Chapel, H. (2015). Accountable Care Organizations rapidly changing health care market place. Retrieved from:

Beamforming Algorithm for Adaptive or Smart Antenna

Beamforming Algorithm for Adaptive or Smart Antenna *Satgur Singh, **Er. Mandeep kaur Abstract  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  The Demand of Mobile Communication systems is increasing day by day. New concepts and methods are necessary which required the need for new Technologies to satisfy the demand of this world of network. Smart Antenna system is one of those, which reduces the co-channel interference and maximize the user capacity of communication system, By shaping and locating the beam of the antenna on the mobile or the target thus decreasing interference to other users. The Main purpose of smart antenna system is the selection of smart algorithms for adaptive array. By using beam forming algorithms the weight of antenna arrays can be adjusted to form certain amount of adaptive beam to track corresponding users automatically and to minimize interference arising from other users by introducing nulls in their directions. Thus interferences can be suppressed and the desired signals can be extracted. Many algorithms are introduced due to advancement in technology. Every algorithms has different convergence characteristics and complexity of algorithm, according to our need we use particular algorithm in communication system. Keywords — Smart Antenna, LMS (Least mean square), RLS (Recursive least square), NLMS (Normalized Least Mean Square), Sample Matrix Inversion (SMI), Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA), VSSNLMS (Variable step size NLMS). I. INTRODUCTION: Conventional base station antennas in existing communication systems are either Omni directional or sectorised. There is waste of resources since the majority of transmitted signal power radiates in directions other than the desired user directions and signal power radiated through the Cell area will be interference by any other user than the desired one. Signal power radiated throughout the cell area will increase interference and reduce SNR. Although sector antenna decreases the interference by dividing entire cell into sector, But some levels of interface still exist. To overcome the above problem of the communication system the Smart antenna introduced. Smart Antenna system combines an antenna array with a digital signal-processing capability to transmit and receive in an adaptive manner. Such a configuration technically enhances the capacity of a wireless link through a combination of diversity gain, array gain and interference reduction. Increased capacity translates to higher data rates for a given number of users or more users for a given data rate per user. In other manner, the system which can automatically change the directionality of its radiation patterns in response to its signal environment. By this manner, increase the performance characteristics (such as capacity) of a wireless system. All elements of the Fig 1: Block Diagram of Smart Antenna System adaptive antenna array have to be combined in order to adapt to the current channel and user. A Smart antenna is therefore a phased or adaptive array that adjusts to the environment that is, for the adaptive array, the beam pattern changes as the desired user and the interference move and for the phased array the beam is steered or different beams is selected as the desired user moves. This weight adaptation is the â€Å"smart† part of the smart antenna system. It is possible to investigate a wide range of beam forming algorithms without the need to modify the system hardware for every algorithm. For this, now we are focusing on improving the performance of the beam forming algorithms rather than on designing new hardware, which is very expensive and time consumption. There are many algorithms for beamforming concept ,Every algorithm has its own merits and demerits ,according to our need we use that algorithm which satisfies our need,which are given below:- II) BEAMFORMING TECHNIQUES:- A) Least Mean Square Algorithm: This algorithm was first developed by Widrow and Hoff in 1960. Shahera HOSSAIN et al.(2008)[ ] proposed that LMS is a gradient based technique where in a quadratic performance surface is assumed. The performance surface that is cost function can be established by finding the Mean Square Error (MSE). The cost function is a quadratic function of the weight vector w. The minimum of the performance surface is reached when the MSE tends to its minimum value this is made possible by finding out the gradient of MSE with respect to weight vectors equating it to zero. The Weights of adaptive antenna are adjusted in the negative direction of the gradient to minimize the error. In LMS, the weights are updated using, w(k+1) = w(k)+ ÃŽ ¼ e*(k)x(k) whereas e(k) =d(k) – wH (k)x(k) ÃŽ ¼=Step size that determines the speed of convergence of LMS algorithm. The weights here will be computed using LMS algorithm based on Minimum Squared Error (MSE). y(n)=wH (n)x(n) e(n) =d(n) −y(n) w (k+1) = w(k)+ ÃŽ ¼ e*(k)x(k)†¦ step size ÃŽ ¼ is a positive real-valued constant which controls the size of the incremental correction applied to the weight vector as we proceed from one iteration cycle to the next. The performance of the algorithm depends on the step size parameter, which controls the convergence speed. The LMS algorithm is initiated with an arbitrary value W(0) for the weight vector at n= [1], [6], [23], [25]. For the weight vector is seen to converge and stay stable for 0max Whereas ÃŽ »max is the maximum eigen value of the matrix R. The Response of the LMS algorithm is determined by three principal factors step-size parameter, number of weights, and Eigen value of the correlation matrix of the input data vector. The LMS Algorithm has many drawbacks which are solved by other algorithm. B) Sample Matrix Inversion (SMI) Algorithm: T.B. LAVATE et al.(2010) [5]proposed that LMS algorithm is slow in convergence not suitable for mobile communication this drawback of LMS is eliminated by sample matrix inversion (SMI) method. The sample matrix is a time average estimate of the array co-relation matrix using K time samples. If the random process is ergodic in the co-relation the time average estimate will equal the actual co-relation matrix .If we use a K-length block of data we define the matrix Xk(k) as the kth block of x vectors ranging over K data snapshots, the time average estimate of array co-relation matrix is, R=XK(k) XKH (k)/K And the time average estimate of the co-relation vector is, r= d*(k) XK(k)/K†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ The SMI weights for kth block of length K as WSMI = R-1r WSMI = [ XK(k) XKH H (k)]-1 d*(k) XK(k) From equation (4) it is seen that the weights of the antenna array will be updated for each incoming block of data. C) NLMS (Normalized Least Mean Square) Algoritm: Shahera HOSSAIN et al.(2008)[4] proposed ,the Normalized least-mean-square (NLMS) algorithm, which is also known as the projection algorithm, is a useful method for adapting the coefficients of a finite-impulse response (FIR) filter for a number of signal processing and control applications. It can persist over a wide range of step-sizes. Theoretically, LMS method is the most basic method for calculating the weight vectors. However, in practice, an improved LMS method, the Normalized-LMS (NLMS) is used to achieve stable calculation and faster convergence. The NLMS algorithm can be formulated as a natural modification of the LMS algorithm based on stochastic gradient algorithm Gradient noise amplification problem occurs in the standard form of LMS algorithm. This is because the product vector xà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨nà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  e*à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨nà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  in Equation (11) at iteration, n applied to the weight vector wà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨nà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is directly proportional to the input vector xà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨nà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ©. This can be solved by normalized the product vector at iteration n à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ «1 with the square Euclidean norm of the input vector xà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨nà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  at iteration n. The final weight vector can be updated by, W(n+1)= w(n)+ ÃŽ ¼/||x(n)2.x(n) e*(n) Where the NLMS algorithm reduces the step size ÃŽ ¼ to make the large changes in the update weight vectors.This prevents the update weight vectors from diverging and makes the algorithm more stable and faster converging than when a fixed step size is used. Equation ( ) represents the normalized version of LMS (NLMS), because step size is divided by the norm of the input signal to avoid gradient noise amplification due to x(n) [ ] Sometimes x(k) which is the Input signal becomes very small which may cause W(K + 1) to be unbounded. However, to avoid this situation; ÏÆ' which is a constant value is added to the denominator which made the NLMS algorithm be described as W(n+1)= w(n)+ ÃŽ ¼/||ÏÆ' + x(n)2||.x(n) e*(n) we can conclude that NLMS has a better performance than LMS algorithm. D) Constant Modulus Algorithm Susmita Das [8]proposed that the configuration of CMA adaptive beamforming is the same as that of the Sample Matrix Inversion system except that it requires no reference signal. It is a gradient-based algorithm that works on the theory that the existence of interference causes changes in the amplitude of the transmitted signal, which otherwise has a constant envelope (modulus). The minimum shift key (MSK) signal, for example,is a signal that has the property of a constant modulus .The weight is updated by the equation W(n+1)=W(n)+  µx(n)e(n)* where  µ is the step-size parameter(n) is the input vector,and e(n)=y(n)(R2-|Y(n)|2 where R2=E.[X(n)]4/[X(n)]2 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. D) RLS ALGORITHM In Recursive least square (RLS) algorithm, the weights are updated by the following equation. W(n)=W(n −1)+K(n)ÃŽ ¶* (n) n=1,2, Where, K(n) is referred to as the gain vector and ÃŽ ¶ (n) is a priori estimation error which is given by the equation: ÃŽ ¶ (n)=d(n)-w(n-1)x(n)The RLS algorithm does not require any matrix inversion computations as the inverse correlation matrix is computed directly. It requires reference signal and correlation matrix information. E) VSSNLMS(Variable step size NLMS) Algorithm: Ali Hakam et al.(2014) proposed that the main aim of the developed Variable Step Size (VSS) NLMS algorithm is to replace the fixed step size ÃŽ ¼ that is used in NLMS by a variable one. This is to avoid a trade-off issue between convergence rate and steady-state MSE. In this algorithm a large step size is used in the initial stages to speed the rate of convergence and a smaller step size is used near to the steady state of the Mean Square Error (MSE) to obtain an optimum value. To achieve this, ÃŽ ¼ is multiplied by P(k) which is randomly chosen from the uniform distribution [0 1] and each time of the N iteration times. Then to control the variable step value, it is multiplied by a curve function that is as follows: ÃŽ ¶(k) = (6/N)2[(K-(N/6)]2+0.001 1≠¤k≠¤N/6 .001 N/6 Where N is the input signal number. By Multiplying equation (9) by the random numbers P(k) and the normalized step size parameter  µ, the variable step size develops to:  µ(K) = P(K) ÃŽ ¶(K)  µ Substituting the variable step size (10) to the conventional fixed step size NLMS algorithm (8), the proposed algorithm is shown as: W(k+1)=W(K)+ µ(K)e(K)x(k)/ÏÆ'+ ||x(K)|| TABLE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT ALGORITHMS LMS Easily implemented method for on-line estimation of time-varying system parameters. The performance of the algorithm depends on the step size parameter, which controls the convergence speed and the variation of the learning curve.The LMS algorithm do not involve any matrix operations. LMS algorithm is least demanding in computational complexity. Simplicity and ease of computation It does not require off-line gradient estimations or repetition of data. The rate of convergence is slow for a small value of ÃŽ ¼ but this gives a good estimation of the gradient vector since a large amount of data is taken into account. The algorithm requires knowledge of the transmitted signal sending periodically some known pilot sequences that is known to the receiver RLS It requires reference signal and correlation matrix Information The RLS algorithm also converges much more quickly than the LMS algorithm RLS algorithm does not require any matrix inversion computations as the inverse correlation matrix is computed directly the computational complexity hasbeen increased. CMA works on the theory that the existence of interference causes changes in the amplitude of the transmitted signal, which otherwise has a constant envelope (modulus) usefulness of CMA when channel conditions are rapidly changing. disadvantage of the CMA is slow convergence time. The slow converges limits the usefulness of the algorithm in the dynamic environment NLMS known as the projection algorithm, is a useful method for adapting the coefficients of a finite-impulse response (FIR) filter for a number of signal processing and control applications. It can persist over a wide range of step-sizes. Normalized LMS(NLMS) is used to achieve stable calculation and faster convergence. prevents the update weight vectors from diverging and makes the algorithm more stable and faster converging than when a fixed step size is used. NLMS algorithm requires a minimum of one additional multiply, divide, and addition over the LMS algorithm to implement for shift input data. IV) APPLICATIONS: Use of adaptive antenna in existing systems will reduce power consumption and interference while enhancing spectral density in wireless system which is the need of wireless communication systems. V) CONCLUSION: Smart Antenna systems are antennas with intelligence and the radiation pattern can be varied without any mechanically changed. The principle reason for the growing interest in smart antenna systems is the capacity increase and low power consumption. Smart antennas will increase the SIR by simultaneously increasing the useful received signal level and lowering the interference level. VI) REFERENCES: [1] Ali Hakam, Raed Shubair, Shihab Jimaa, and Ehab Salahat,Robust Interference Suppression Using a New LMS Based Adaptive Beamforming Algorithm in 17th IEEE Mediterranean ElectrotechnicalConference,Beirut,Lebanon,13-16 April 2014. [2] H. Takekawa,T. Shimamura and S. Jimaa, An efficient and effective variable step size NLMS algorithm, in 42nd Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, October, 2008. [3] Leandro Vieira dos Santos, Jacqueline Silva Pereira,Least Mean Square Algorithm Analysis for a High Capacity Mobile Long Term Evolution Network IEEE 2013. [4] Shahera HOSSAIN, Mohammad Tariqul ISLAM and Seiichi SERIKAWA, Adaptive Beamforming Algorithms for Smart Antenna Systems,International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems 2008,Oct. 14-17, 2008 in COEX, Seoul, Korea. [5] T.B. Lavate, V.K. Kokate, G.S. Mani, Non blind and blind adaptive array smart antenna beam forming algorithams for w-cdma mobile communication systems ,Second International Conference on Computer Engineering and Applications,2008. [6] Vishal V Sawant,Mahesh Chavan,Performance of Beamforming for Smart antenna using Traditional LMS algorithm for various parameters,Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Electronics, Signal Processing and Communication Systems. [7] Haitao Liu, Steven Gao, and Tian-Hong Loh,Small Director Array for Low-Profile Smart Antennas Achieving Higher Gain,IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 61, no. 1, January 2013. [8] Susmita Das, IEEE Member,Smart Antenna Design for Wireless Communication using Adaptive Beam-forming Approach [9] Anurag Shivam Prasad, Sandeep Vasudevan , Selvalakshmi R, Analysis of Adaptive Algorithms for Digital Beamforming in Smart AntennasIEEE-International Conference on Recent Trends in Information Technology, ICRTIT MIT, Anna University, Chennai. June 3-5, 2011

Benjamin Banneker :: History

Benjamin Banneker Benjamin Banneker was an astronomer, scientist, mathematician, surveyor, clock-maker, author, and social critic. Most notable about his accomplishments was that despite racial constraints and little formal education, he was a self-taught man. By the end of his life, his achievements were well-known around the world. Unlike many blacks of his time, Banneker was not born into slavery. The maternal side of his family determined this fate. His grandmother Mary Walsh was a white Englishwoman who was sentenced to seven years of servitude for stealing milk. She was sent from England to America to serve as an indentured servant. After she finished her sentence, she bought some land and two African slaves. She married one of them, named Bannaky, and they had many children, one of whom was named Mary. Like her mother, when Mary married, she bought a slave and married him. Mary and Robert had several children, including Banneker. Banneker was born in 1731 just outside of Baltimore, Maryland. Banneker's education began in the early years of his childhood. Banneker and his siblings were taught to read by their grandmother Molly, who used the Bible as a lesson book. When Banneker was twelve, a Quaker named Peter Heinrich moved next to the Banneker farm and established a school for boys, which Banneker attended. He excelled in mathematics and even progressed beyond the ability of his teacher. At the age of twenty-one, his abilities were finally utilized. He met a man named Josef Levi who showed him a pocket watch. Banneker was so fascinated that Levi gave him the watch. He studied how it worked, drew a picture of it, and made mathematical calculations for the parts. He worked on building the clock for two years. In 1753, it was completed. It was made of wood and he had carved the gears by hand. This was the first clock built in the United States. For more than forty years, the clock struck every hour. In addition to creating America's first clock, Banneker had an interest in astronomy. When Banneker's friend Andrew Ellicott died, he left him books on astronomy, scientific instruments, and a telescope. Banneker began to study astronomy and made mathematical calculations of the stars and constellations. He used these calculations to correctly predict a solar eclipse that took place on April 14, 1789. His abilities in astronomy and mathematics led him to create an almanac in 1792.